President Dwight D. Eisenhower And The Vietnam War Essay

On the 7th of April 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave one historic press conference [1]. In that conference, he announced his so called â€Å"Domino Theory†. It was a substantial aspect of the US involvement in the Vietnam War, involvement in terms of its military support and methods used in Vietnam. Even though it was greatly enhanced by other factors, such as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, it was the trigger, and therefore the source of all US involvement in the Vietnam War. The main rationale of the theory was that if one country fell down to communism, all the surrounding countries would do the same, hence why it was called the ‘Domino’ Theory. Eisenhower thought that Vietnam’s fall to communism would lead to consequential communist uprisings in neighboring countries, such as Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. He also that that it could possibly extend as far as India, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Australia and New Zealand -[1]. This gave The US enough motivation, and more importantly, justification as to why they greatly increased military presence in Vietnam. Eisenhower said, â€Å"The possible consequences of the loss [of Indochina] are just incalculable to the free world.† [2]. Even though the theory was imprecise, and only Laos and Cambodia joined communism after the US lost the war, it was significant as the foundation of the US involvement in the conflict. The United States started increasing their involvement in Vietnam, partly due to the French failure toShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Vietnam War983 Words   |  4 Pages â€Æ' The Vietnam War, a war involving the invigorating power of the superpower America and its democracy and freedom versus the almighty Russia and its tight fist of communism. This infamous war would go on to be one of the most controversial wars to date, but people rarely tend to have the knowledge behind everything that took place in the Vietnam war. You see The United States involvement in the Vietnam War did not do what do anything in the way of stopping communism. Because of this war, many menRead MoreDwight D. Eisenhower: A Lifetime of Service Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesDwight D. Eisenhower: A Lifetime of Service Beware the military-industrial complex, warned Dwight Eisenhower in his farewell address to the nation he had served his entire life. Dwight Eisenhower served his country for many years, and his service has greatly impacted this nations history and future. From his service in the military, to his time as president, he has guided the United States through some of its most difficult years. He will always be remembered for his ability to lead. ThisRead MoreEssay about Dwight D Eisenhower1267 Words   |  6 Pages Dwight’s Early Life Dwight D. Eisenhower was the third son of David and Ida Stover Eisenhower. He was born in 1890 in Denison, Texas, and named David Dwight Eisenhower, although he was known as Dwight David by many. In 1891, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, where Eisenhower was brought up. He was the third of seven sons. He and his older brothers were all called â€Å"Ike† by their family, Eisenhower was known as â€Å"Little Ike†. In his high school years, he was known to excel in sports due to hisRead MoreU.S. Bombing of North Vietnam1454 Words   |  6 PagesOn February 24, 1965, United States President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized Operation ROLLING THUNDER to commence against North Vietnam. ROLLING THUNDER, the longest bombing campaign ever conducted by the United States Air Force, lasted from 1965 to 1968. (Tilford, â€Å"Operation ROLLING THUNDER†) There were several reasons why President Johnson chose to begin an all-out bombing campaign against North Vietnam at this time. The United States wanted to prevent the spread of communism by enforcing theRead MoreVietnam War Paper1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War escalated from a Vietnamese civil war into a limited international conflict, in which the United States was deeply involved. The Vietnam War was fought in South Vietnam between government forces aided by the United States and guerilla forces aided by the North Vietnamese. Despite increased American military involvement and signed peace agreements in 1973, the Vietnam War did not end until North Vietnams successful invasion of South Vietnam in 1975. The Vietnam War may have beenRead MoreThe Cold War Between America And The Soviet Union1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War The Cold War occurred after the traumatic events of World War 2, that lasted almost 50 years, beginning in 1945 and lasting through 1991. Even though, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies during World War 2, political tensions arose between the two nations that resulted in the production of nuclear weaponry, race of producing superior space mechanisms, and billions of dollars spent. The Cold War is used to describe the relationship between America and the Soviet UnionRead MoreThe Decade Long War1161 Words   |  5 PagesMark Atwood Lawrence’s study, The Vietnam War: A Concise International History, is about the changing of the French-Indochina conflict to America’s involvement in the war from 1954 to 1975. This book also went through each President of the United States that had to deal with the Vietnam War starting with Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. Nixon, to Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. The different sources Lawrence used in The Vietnam War: A Concise International HistoryRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States involvement in the Vietnam War developed into one of the most brutal, yet necessary wars of The Cold War. Although the war was viewed poorly by most, it helped a weak, crumbling South Vietnam stand up to a strong powerful North Vietnam that was forcing communism on them. President Johnson even stated that â€Å"Our objective is the independence of South Vietnam and its freedom from attack.† The United States wanted to stop an oppressive government and to make sure the world is a saferRead MoreThe Threat Of Nuclear Bombs751 Words   |  4 Pages After World War II, tensions reached a new high in the United States. The American people experienced Cold War fears, which changed the way they lived, and acted politically. The U.S. was at ends with the Soviet Union, and this tension manifest ed itself into the population through the fear of nuclear missiles, and communism, and thanks to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and his administration, many of these fears were resolved, or at least minimized. A very influential fear on the American PeopleRead MoreAmerican Involvement in the Vietnam War1078 Words   |  5 Pagesinternational affairs. In this particular case communism in Vietnam was the flame that leered American bugs in, not knowing that they would be brutally burned by communism in the end. From 1953 to 1961, all the initial decisions involving Vietnam were made by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who once served as the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe as well as the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Thus, Eisenhower was very knowledgeable about war issues and was prepared to tackle pending conflicts

Is Puppy Mills A Product Of Consumerism - 1280 Words

Puppy mills are a product of consumerism, a trait that is central in American life, which is the cause for many individual’s â€Å"shopping for animals†, be it because they want a puppy, which is cute, though the youth is short lived, or be it because they’re seeking a specific breed of animal- regardless, these central issues are the life-blood of â€Å"puppy mills† or essentially human trafficking, minus the humans. When buying from these mills, society is only supporting the deplorable conditions and their poor quality of care; furthermore, the â€Å"need† for purebred dogs is only perpetuating the problem. As Americans we must stop this humanitarian issue, one method of doing so is by adopting from animal shelters. To begin let’s look at the problem: puppy mills, they produce mass amounts of puppies in poor conditions, the only concern being quantity of life, not quality of life. The life of a mill dog is one of intense suffering, â€Å"The Federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) passed in 1966 does not see these dogs as pets, but as livestock. Under the AWA, it is legal to keep a dog in a cage only 6 inches longer than the dog in each direction, with a wire floor, stacked on top of another cage† (A Closer Look). Forced to live in the squalor of their own feces their lives are bleak and hopeless. Most of us would never leave our animals out in the cold, snow, rain or the sweltering heat we have. These poor animals live caged in these harsh elements with little to no shelter. This type ofShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagestechniques Demographic segmentation Behavioural segmentation Psychographic and lifestyle segmentation Approaches to segmentin g industrial markets Market targeting Deciding on the breadth of market coverage Product positioning Summary 9 The formulation of strategy – 1: analysing the product portfolio 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 10 Learning objectives Introduction The development of strategic perspectives Models of portfolio analysis Market attractiveness and business position assessment Criticisms

Dashboard Confessional Alter the Ending free essay sample

With expressive pieces like â€Å"Screaming Infidelities† and â€Å"Vindicated,† you can always count on the forlorn, poignant vocals of Dashboard Confessionals Chris Carrabba to get you through the bumpy roads of romance. But their latest album, â€Å"Alter the Ending,† steers the band in a new direction that is nothing but boring. Interestingly enough, the first track is catchy, luring listeners into a false sense of excitement, expecting the rest of the album to be memorable. A deviation from the emo ballads Dashboard is famous for, â€Å"Get Me Right† delves into the realm of rock with heavy electric guitars and drums, and pays homage to the bands Christian faith. However, for reasons unknown, Carrabba emphasizes the last word of the title with a warbling falsetto every 30 seconds, which stops the song from reaching perfection. The rest of the album passes in a blur. Dashboard makes the mistake of substituting its trademark soft sound with a hard, edgy one. We will write a custom essay sample on Dashboard Confessional Alter the Ending or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The result is generic tracks with dance-floor-ready instrumentals that overwhelm Carrabbas gentle, bittersweet vocals. The lyrics are not impressive either. Though â€Å"I Know About You† has a promising beat, the message portrays the lead singer as a sinister stalker. The lackluster â€Å"Until Morning† is not much better, as it paints a stereotypical picture of summer love. Halfway through, there shines â€Å"Belle of the Boulevard,† the only flawless track. Released as a single a few weeks earlier, it is reminiscent of Dashboards previous work and soothes the listener with its mellow beat, melancholy melody, and of course, Carrabbas signature vocals. The main problem with â€Å"Alter the Ending† is the rash decision of the band to conform. Dashboard is cherished for their ability to capture the perils of heartbreak in songs that provided pure listening pleasure. But here theyve amped up the drums, added heavy guitars, and thrown in cheesy lyrics that rival the Jonas Brothers. Perhaps the band realized this; they released a deluxe edition with acoustic versions of the tracks. This alternate edition has everything the original CD lacks, using minimal instrumentals to keep the spotlight on Carrabbas earnest, raw voice. Sadly, the deluxe edition is an afterthought. Apparently the group believes listeners would rather rock out. Sorry to break it to you, guys, but that was a bad move.

Pain Medication Essays - Kidney Cancer, Renal Cell Carcinoma

What is Kidney Cancer? Fundamentals of Pathophysiology Professor Michael Huwe By: Debora Collard INTRODUCTION Kidney Cancer is when malignant cells form is the tissue of the kidneys. Our kidneys perform many life-sustaining roles. They keep our blood clean of wastes and excess fluid, maintain our balance of salt and minerals, regulate our blood pressure, produce renin, erythropoietin, and vitamin D for good bone health. If cancer forms in our kidneys it can also spread to other parts of our body. It is very important that we be aware of any changes in our kidneys so that we may catch this at an early stage. In this paper I hope to explain the different types of kidney cancer, understanding the risk factors, how to diagnose kidney cancer and how it is staged, treatment options and survival rates and prognosis for the disease. My father had a kidney removed with kidney cancer when I was young and I wanted to learn if I might also be at risk and if so what I need to do. TYPES OF KIDNEY CANCER Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of Kidney cancer. Malignant cells begin to develop in the lining of tubules in the kidneys, which them becomes a tumor. Like all tumors it will begin small and after a period of time it will become large, but is usually only one single mass. There have been cases where the kidney contains more than one tumor and both kidneys contain a mass. There are five subtypes of renal cell carcinoma ?Clear cell which is about 80% of RCC is where the epithelial tumors cells are pale or transparent when you look at them under a microscope. ?Papillary RCC have a distinct growth pattern of finger-like projections throughout the tumor. Some clear cell RCC can have this similar pattern, but cannot be diagnosed as papillary RCC because of other technical criteria. ?Chromophobe RCC is like clear cell, but the tumor cells have transparent cytoplasm, and have larger cells, making them look unique under a microscope. ?Collecting Duct Carcinoma (CDC) is very rare and is only about 1% of kidney cancers. It is a very fast growing cancer that develops in the distal collecting tubules, and it does not respond well to systemic therapy. ? Unclassified RCC is very rare and is not easily classified. It is a type of cancer that does not fit into any of the above listed types. Other Cancerous Kidney Tumors There are three types of other cancerous tumors; Transitional cell carcinoma, Wilms tumor and Renal sarcoma. ?Transitional cell carcinoma is known as urothelial cancer or renal pelvis. This type of cancer does not start in the kidney, but begins in the renal pelvis. It is usually caused by smoking or being exposed to certain chemical in the workplace. ?Wilm?s Tumor only happens in children and are classified as favorable (usually can be cured) and unfavorable (harder to cure). ?Renal Sarcoma is a rare type of cancers that develops in the blood vessels or connective tissue of the kidney and is also known as soft tissue cancer. These account for less than 1% of cancers. UNDERSTANDING KIDNEY CANCER RISK FACTORS Lifestyle Having a healthy lifestyle will decrease your change of getting kidney cancer. If you smoke you are increasing your chance of kidney cancer because smoking makes your arteries harden and narrows your blood vessels. This decreases the amount of blood that flows to your kidneys and keeps them from working as well. Smoking can also cause you to have high blood pressure, and this only makes it worse. If you have diabetes and you smoke you are doubling your chance of kidney cancer, because these cause you to have kidney problems even sooner. Environmental There are many thing in our environment that are not good for our body such as; Asbestos, Benzene and solvents, Cadmium (used in making batteries, plastic and other industrial items) and herbicides. Health Factors Obesity is a cause of Kidney Cancer, because it can cause you to have high blood pressure and diabetes. If you have a family history of Kidney Cancer you should be very careful and have regular checkups. Other Factors A person?s age, gender, diet and if you

A Brief Analysis of William Blakes The Fly Essays

A Brief Analysis of William Blakes The Fly Essays A Brief Analysis of William Blakes The Fly Paper A Brief Analysis of William Blakes The Fly Paper William Blake has a very loose structure, and uses a trimester rhyme scheme. The purpose of using trimester is for the short lines to symbolize the brevity of life. The first of the five stanzas describes an innocent fly being thoughtlessly killed by a human being. The second compares a man too fly and a fly too man. The third and fourth explain how flies and humans are similar, and the fifth affirms that man is indeed like a fly. Death is repeatedly referred to as a hand. The fly is killed by being brushed away by the humans thoughtless hand. The human is killed by the blind hand of death. Blake uses the technique of Juxtaposition of the fly and the speaker. The human sees the fly as powerless, and then realizes that humans could be seen in the same manner by a higher order. He says he is fated to live his life Till some blind hand/ Shall brush my wing, comparing his death to that of the fly. The iris stanza uses the imagery of the human placed in a God-like position when he kills the fly. When the human speaking from the point of view of a human, the fly symbolizes those below the speaker In society. The theme of The Fly is mans extreme weakness in comparison to God/death/fate. The poem also uses a common theme of Flakes: innocence and experience. The fly is totally innocent and powerless. The speaker realizes that human beings are powerless In the same way, and this passes him into the realm of experience.

How To Use Spanish Interrogative Pronouns

How To Use Spanish Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are those pronouns that are used almost exclusively in questions. In both Spanish and English, interrogative pronouns are typically placed at or very near the beginning of a sentence. The Spanish Interrogatives Following are the interrogative pronouns in Spanish with their translations and examples of their usage. Note that in some cases the pronouns can vary in translation when they follow a preposition. Also, some of the pronouns exist in singular and plural forms and (in the case of cunto) masculine and feminine forms that should match the noun they stand for. quià ©n, quià ©nes - who, whom -  ¿Quià ©n es tu amiga? (Who is your friend?)  ¿Quià ©n es? (Who is it?)  ¿A quià ©nes conociste? (Whom have you met?)  ¿Con quià ©n andas? (Whom are you walking with?)  ¿De quià ©n es esta computadora? (Whose computer is this?)  ¿Para quià ©nes son las comidas? (Whom are the meals for?)quà © - what (The phrases por quà © and para quà © are usually translated as why. Por quà © is more common than para quà ©. They are sometimes interchangeable; para quà © can be used only when asking about the intent or purpose of something happening and can be thought of as meaning what for.) -  ¿Quà © es esto? (What is this?)  ¿Quà © pasa? (Whats happening?)  ¿En quà © piensas? (What are you thinking about?)  ¿De quà © hablas? (What are you talking about?)  ¿Para quà © estudiaba espaà ±ol? (Why did you study Spanish? What did you study Spanish for?)  ¿Por quà © se rompià ³ el coche? (Why did the car break down?)  ¿Qu à © restaurante prefieres? (What restaurant do you prefer?)dà ³nde - where -  ¿Dà ³nde est? (Where is it?)  ¿De dà ³nde es Roberto? (Where is Roberto from?)  ¿Por dà ³nde empezar? (Where do we begin?)  Ã‚ ¿Dà ³nde puedo ver el eclipse lunar?  (Where can I see the lunar eclipse?) Note that adà ³nde should be used when where can be substituted with where to with no change in meaning. adà ³nde  - where to, to where  -   Ã‚ ¿Adà ³nde  vas?  (Where are you going to? Where are you going?)  Ã‚ ¿Adà ³nde podemos ir con nuestro perro? (Where can we go to with our dog?)cundo - when -  ¿Cundo salimos? (When are we leaving?)  ¿Para cundo estar listo? (By when will it be ready?)  ¿Hasta cundo quedan ustedes? (Until when are you staying?)cul, cules - which one, which ones (This word also can often be translated as what. Generally speaking, when cul is used it suggests the making of a selection from more than one alternative.) -  ¿Cul prefieres? (Which one do you prefer?)  ¿Cules prefieres? (Which ones do you like?)cà ³mo - how -  ¿Cà ³mo ests? (How are you?)  ¿Cà ³mo lo haces? (How do you do it?)cunto, cunta, cuntos, cuntas - how much, how many -  ¿Cunto hay? (How much is there?)  ¿Cuntos? (How many?) - The masculine form is used unless in context it is known you are referring to an object or objects that are grammatically femini ne. For example,  ¿cuntos? might mean how many pesos? because pesos is masculine, while  ¿cuntas? might mean how many towels? because toallas is feminine. Using Interrogative Pronouns As you may have noticed, the interrogative pronouns are all spelled with accent marks that do not affect the pronunciation. Many of the interrogative pronouns also can be used in indirect questions  (as opposed to questions) while retaining  the accent mark. Note also that many of the interrogative pronouns can be used as other parts of speech, including adjectives and adverbs, either with or without the accent marks, depending on the context.

Article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article - Assignment Example s of hair coloring entail the chemicals and their composition that are normally employed in the process, which are associated with human cancer risk (Scali-Sheahan, pp7-10). The risks mainly appear to be affected by duration of use accompanied by precise genetic polymorphisms. There is also risk of allergic reactions to the populace since it is unattainable to evade contact with the skin when undertaking hair color process. There are no vegetable-based rinses that are utilized for covering the hair shaft. Lack of the hair shaft with botanical components makes the strategy to be weak (Scali-Sheahan, pp7-10).Vegetable-based substances do not penetrate the hair shaft thus eliminating the risks of human cancer and allergic reaction. Moreover, rinses contain minimal quantity of synthetic chemicals of the hair dyes. The competencies of the hair coloring main demand experienced stylists. Experienced stylists and underlying quality products will enhance competencies in application of hair coloring. Competency will also be enhanced via utilizing of vegetable-based rinses in covering of the hair shaft thus eliminating human cancer and allergic reactions on the

Research paper on Sweden Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On Sweden - Research Paper Example They face some distress and mistrust of people from different cultures. They are often afraid that other cultures will not understand them (Devito, pg 150). The geographical orientation of Sweden is another roadblock to successful communication. The country is separated by many rivers and forests. This makes it hard for people of different cultures to meet and mingle. Ethnocentrism is another noticeable barrier among the Swedish. They often feel that they culture is the richest as compared with other cultures. They therefore believe that other cultures should study their culture and not vice versa (Guirdham, pg 316). Americans are continuously trying to ease thriving communication with the Swedish. However several strategies are needed for this to actualize. The Americans should be Americans more open -minded to the Swedish culture. They should develop a positive attitude towards the culture. Americans should also be more flexible in accepting the Swedish culture. They should strive to be altruistic this will ensure that the Swedish group opens up to new ideas. The most effectual way for Americans to enhance communication with the Swedish group is by understanding and learning their culture (Verderber et al pg 117). This will ensure that the Americans learn the Swedish culture. In so doing the Swedish group will be compelled to learn and open up to more

Work and Environment Essay Example for Free

Work and Environment Essay Work may refer to: Human labor: †¢ Employment †¢ House work †¢ Labor (economics), measure of the work done by human beings †¢ Manual labor, physical work done by people †¢ Wage labor, in which a worker sells their labor and an employer buys it †¢ Work (project management), the effort applied to produce a deliverable or accomplish a task Environment may refer to: Environment (biophysical), the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism †¢ Environment (systems), the surroundings of a physical system that may interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy, or other properties †¢ Environments (series), a series of LPs, cassettes and CDs depicting natural sounds †¢ Built environment, constructed surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging from the large-scale civic surroundings to the personal places †¢ Knowledge environment Social environment, the culture that an individual lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact Work environment means the milieus around a person. It is your social and professional environment in which you are supposed to interact with a number of people. All of them are to be there with you. They are working there. They are supposed to co-ordinate with you in one way or he other. They may be working under you or you may be working under them. It depends upon your position at status at a work place. It is not important that an office would always be called your work place. It can be your home environment where you use to work for all the time where you are supposed to interact with your family members by and by. This environment is all about the people at your home and those who have any concern at your home. Work environment does not only counts the living world tings but also the materialistic world stuff. It may count the room or home where you are working. It may counts the things that you are using in one way or the other. It is all about things and livings that are around you where you are working. Hope it is clear now. A work environment can be identified as the place that one works. i. e. -in an office building in a cube, at home at the kitchen table, from a car or truck, at a construction site. All are work environments. We tend, however, to hear about healthy work environments. This can point to other factors in the work environment, such as co-workers, air quality, ergonomic seating, management (the boss! ), child care, parking, noise, and even the size of ones cube. A work environment doesnt require a job. It requires that work has to be done in some place. Say you need to do homework. Where do you do it? At school in study hall? At your kitchen table? On the floor at a friends house? These can also be considered work environments. A hostile work environment exists when an employee experiences workplace harassment and fears going to work because of the offensive, intimidating, or oppressive atmosphere generated by the harasser. A hostile work environment may also be created when management acts in a manner designed to make an employee quit in retaliation for some action. For example, if an employee reported safety violations at work, was injured, attempted to join a union, or in some way caused trouble for the management, then their response might be to harass and pressure the employee to quit. Actions that could be taken in furtherance of this might include inappropriate disciplinary procedures, reduced hours or wages, unreasonable scheduling or workload or similar things. The company’s behavior in lieu of termination avoids the need to pay unemployment benefits. The anti-discrimination statutes governing hostile work environment are not a general civility code. Thus, federal law does not prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or isolated incidents that are not extremely serious. Rather, the conduct must be so objectively offensive as to alter the conditions of the individual’s employment. The conditions of employment are altered only if the harassment culminates in a tangible employment action or are sufficiently severe or pervasive. An effective work environment is vital to the success of small businesses and large corporations alike. When problems remain unsolved and rules never get implemented, the result can be an unproductive staff and a stale work environment. People working together with a common denominator will accomplish tasks with greater ease and have higher expectations of themselves and their work. (success and passion)A positive work environment is critical no matter how many employees you have. It is management that fosters the work atmosphere so they are responsible for conducting things in a way that helps raise peoples spirits. There are four basic beliefs: †¢ Hope †¢ Trust †¢ Pleasure †¢ Opportunity

Botswana :: essays research papers

Botswana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Botswana is a landlocked country in southern Africa, roughly the size of Texas. It covers 224,607 square miles, yet contains only 1,444,000 people, making it one the most thinly populated countries in Africa. The eastern portion is where most people reside, because the Kalahari Desert covers almost all the rest of the nation. Botswana's climate is a semiarid one, consisting of very hot summers, and warm winters. Flat and rolling land make up the topography of Botswana, with the Kalahari in the southwest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several major ethnic groups in Botswana. Most Botswanans are black Africans called Tswana, and the largest group of the Tswana are the Bamangwato. The Bamangwato make up almost one third of Botswana's population. The majority of the Tswana are farmers. There are also about 10,000 of the San people, or â€Å"Bushmen†. Some San are hunter-gatherers, and some are farmers. Several thousand whites are also included in Botswana's population. Most are of British descent. Most whites earn more money then the blacks, and this causes some racial tension. Although English is the official language of Botswana, most people speak Setswana, a Bantu language. Eighty-five percent of Botswana's people practice traditional African religions, while the rest are Christian. Most Botswanan children attend elementary school, but only fifteen percent will go on to high school. The small percent of people that go to college attend the University of Botswana in Gaborone, the nation's capital.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Great Britain once had control over Botswana. South Africa wanted Botswana, then called Bechuanaland, as part of their country. But Great Britain refused. On September 30,1966, Botswana was declared independent. It's official name is The Republic of Botswana. Seretse Khama became the nation's first president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of Botswana's chief resources are diamonds,copper,nickel, and salt. The economy of Botswana was based on cattle and crop raising, but now diamond mining is controlling the economy, despite a 25 percent unemployment rate due to slow diamond sales in 1994. In 1994, Botswana made 1.8 billion dollars in exports of diamonds,copper, nickel, and meat. Botswana has it's own currency: the pula. One pula is equal to about 1.8 U.

Are social networking sites good for our society Essay

Are social networking sites good for our society? In todays lifestyle it is admitted that Social Network Sites bring convenience, efficiency, fast, speed and width for adolescents’ interpersonal relationship development. With various ongoing debates about why social networking may be bad for society, I have found it to be good for society. Social networking comes in many forms. It comes in the form of facebook, twitter, and even professional forums such as Linkedin. In such a fast-paced world, I find social networking to be an invaluable way of sharing ideas and interests that allow me to remain engaged. Although some may debate that social networking takes away from face to face and/or quality interactions, I have found it to be an invaluable tool in building community and networks. In fact, I believe it has given us a more effective way of communicating and engaging with one another especially in our fast-paced society. If I am on a work assignment one of my favorite tools to research is twitter. I find it to be a quick news feed and I usually learn about news first from there before learning it from the mainstream media such as television or radio. And of course facebook has been the staple for me as for many in helping us remain engaged and to keep abreast of graduations, weddings, births or other special events regarding our family and friends. Social media continues to make strides to make communication more accessible and easier for all of us. Just this week Mark Zuckerberg, founder of facebook, has announced that it is now offering a Graph Search function in order for the user to have the ability to run queries from one’s network of friends. It allows users to run queries in order to find commonalities or other areas of interest within friend networks. Twitter has allowed many in suppressed

Reflection Paper on the Story of Job Essay

The story of Job has enlightened me on how God really is. He is not rude or a punisher, but rather a God who gives challenges that he knows his people can surpass. Job has impressed me on how he never turned his back on God despite the losses he came across in his life. If I come to think of all Job’s struggles, and put my feet in his shoes, I don’t think I’d be able to handle it. It’s a bit acceptable to lose possessions, but to lose one’s family is very devastating. Job lost all his animals, his house and his family, but instead of hating God, his faith in Him even strengthened. He thought that he didn’t have the right to question God’s decisions because God is the Almighty – the most powerful. What I also realized is that we usually remember to honor God when we are in need or when we are at our deepest sorrow. But we are ignorant in thanking God in times when our needs are fulfilled. At times, I ask God for guidance, strength and even small wishes like being able to pass in a certain subject, and I admit, I sometimes forget to thank Him. However, God is said to be forgiving and I know that no matter what challenges He gives us, his intention is to give us a lesson and correct our mistakes. Life really isn’t fair, but we all know that God has designed a special story for us to live in. We should just accept and adapt to what life has to offer.

robots essays

robots essays Robot Design Engineers plan ,design and coordinate the integration of machinery and equipment such as robots, robot controllers ,and programmable controllers into the manufacturing process. They write operating programs and test the ability of the ability of the machines to preform tasks. I am interested in this line of work because I like working with my hands and I like to work with electronics. Robot designing has always been something I really wanted to do. There are not many specialities in this field since it is still new and advancing. Application Engineer,and Robot Design Engineer are two of the specialties known for this field. Design engineers develop and write equipment specifications, select or design end-of-arm tools to meet specifications, and they test the ability of machines and equipment to preform tasks. Design engineers work inside offices and manufacturing areas ,they are also exposed to great stress to meet deadlines and are exposed to violent machines and loud noises. To enjoy a job in this field you should prefer :activities of a mechanical nature, dealing directly with people ,and performing a variety of duties. You must also be able to use calculators, computers, manuals, and software programs. If you are looking for a job in this field you should have experience in : Computer science, Electronics ,Mathematics ,and Physics. You should also have a bachelors degree to enter this field. Entering this field you should expect an average pay between $25,170 and $47,250. The career outlook for this field is average. So if you enjoy working with your hands and working with robots this is the carrear for you. ...

The 6 Most Common Resume Mistakes

The 6 Most Common Resume Mistakes For some mistakes in life, you can look back and laugh. I mean, no one actually likes their seventh grade haircut, right? Other mistakes produce a similar cringe, but also regret because you know you could have done so much better. A great example of that one is when you make avoidable mistakes on your resume. A little care and attention at the time could have saved you, and opened up opportunities. Follow these best resume tips, and avoid some of the most popular resume mistakes. 1. The too-casual resume.Back in the good old days of the internet, everyone on AOL had a fun, kicky username that was also their email address. However, MegaAwesomeChick@aol.com probably didn’t anticipate that someday she’d be using that handle to look for gainful employment. These days, there’s zero excuse to use your personal email address on your resume if it’s just that- personal- in nature. Email is free and it is plentiful. So even if you have all of your gamer accounts po inted at IWinYouLose@gmail.com, do yourself a favor and also create a JSmith@gmail.com account too. You want the employer to know that you can separate your professional self from your personal one. That email address at the very top of your resume is the first chance for a red flag.Similarly, no nicknames. If you’re known as â€Å"Big Dog† by all the other salespeople at your current job, don’t feel like you need to include that in your resume.2. The too-much-info resume.If you back up from your resume and squint, and it just looks like one big brick of text, it’s time to revise. You want it to read like an outline of only the most important points about your career. An interview will give you the chance to give background, context, and any additional info you want them to know.3. The outdated resume.Job hunting in 2016 is a much different creature than it was in 1996. Elements fall out of style over the years, and doggedly including them in your current resume can make your packaging seem out of date. A prime example of this is the â€Å"objective† statement in the resume, usually a blurb right under the header. The rà ©sumà © itself is a testament to your goal of getting this job, so you might as well take the space back and include even more action items about how awesome you are.4. The way-back-when resume.If you’ve just graduated from high school and haven’t yet built up a long resume, by all means include your school information and diploma status. If you’re 35 and have had more experience, leave it out. Your resume should be a snapshot of who you are, and tailored for the job you’re seeking. If information is more than 10  years old or not directly relevant for the job you’re applying for, consider leaving it out altogether.5. The non-proofread resume.This cannot be said enough times: please, please, please check your resume thoroughly for typos, incorrect info, any weirdness at all before you send it out. There are no backsies once you send it out. The best way to do this is to have a trusted (but neutral) friend read it for you, looking for any mistakes that your own eye might have skipped over.6. The victim-of-spellcheck resume.Remember a second ago, when I said that you should check the resume to death? That has a caveat: don’t depend on your word processing app’s spellchecker. The spellcheck program won’t flag words that may be used wrong, but are spelled perfectly fine (too/to/two, there/their/they’re, etc.). And don’t get me started on AutoCorrect†¦Always have a human read it thoroughly to make sure you’re saying what you think you’re saying.We are our own worst enemies sometimes, and nowhere is this more common than in a job search. Stay out of your own way, and you might be amazed at the opportunities that come along.

Discuss the Servqual and Gap Analysis concepts and demonstrate how it Essay

Discuss the Servqual and Gap Analysis concepts and demonstrate how it can be applied in hospitality operations - Essay Example It is based on the pre-purchase expectations of an individual and the quality perceptions after purchase. The customer satisfaction differs with quality of service through psychological factors which play a vital role in an individual’s personal experience. Customer satisfaction is premised on the outcome or the process undertaken and thus defining customer satisfaction as the attributes of an end-state originating from consumption of experience base on perception, evaluation and psychological factors. The hospitality industry focuses on customer satisfaction as the main concern for producing service to its customers. Potential customers are lured to the hospitality sector for a number of reasons not limited to satisfaction, enjoyment, sense of achievement and self- esteem benefits that can be sought from this industry. Robinson (2009, p.21) discusses the benefits of leisure that provide customers with intellectual challenge, involvement and enjoyment, intellectual stimulation due to education, relief of stress through social benefits, relaxation and other aesthetic benefits. This factors link customer needs and satisfaction and motivation which is variable from individual to individual and thus obligating the customer oriented marketing to consider customer needs and be flexible to changes in internal processes to suit them. Satisfaction brings new customers through a positive word of mouth recommendations from existing customers. Secondly, it results into a stable source of income through maintaining customer loyalty through repetitive quality service delivery in the industry. Lack or inadequate customer satisfaction leads to additional expenses through handling customer complaints with an end result of wasting productive hours and ruining the reputation of a firm. There are a number of factors that affect customer satisfaction. However, the aspects of this paper aims at pre-purchase expectations that affect the overall

ISIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ISIS - Essay Example ich has seized significant territories in western and northern Iraq and eastern Syria and established â€Å"caliphate† in accordance with Islamic Law, or Sharia. The history of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria goes back to 1999, which is the year when Tawhid wa al-Jihad, a militant Islamist group, was established by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Jordan. This militant group achieved its ill name due to the numerous attacks on coalition forces, beheadings of hostages and suicide attacks held in Iraq. After the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, al-Zarqawi pledged alliance with al-Qaeda network and changed the name of the organization to al-Qaeda in Iraq (usually referred to as AQI), which became the main force of the insurgency (BBC, 2014). In 2006, the leader of the organization died, and AQI created an umbrella organization named Islamic State in Iraq. During 2006-2007, the group lost support of the population because of violent attacks committed by the members of the organization. As a result, AQI found itself in a deep crisis as it was isolated its supporters. However, 2010 can be regarded as the year of revival of the organization as its new leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, restored the capabilities and reputation of the Islamic State (BBC, 2014). It was in April 2013 that al-Baghdadi made the merge of his forces in Syria and Iraq public and announced the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. In the end of 2013, the organization focused on the conflict between the Sunni Arab community and the government and took control over Fallujah with the help of tribesmen. In June 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seized Mosul and advanced to Baghdad. In this very month, the organization changed its name to the Islamic State, and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced the creation of caliphate, a state led by one and the only political and religious leader (BBC, 2014). There is no certain data on the area controlled by the organization. For

Monotheistic Religions in the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monotheistic Religions in the Media - Essay Example Even as our perception of these religions is long-entrenched through insights gleamed from an early age, in a small degree the news media can continue to shape perception through the ways they structure culture and religion. This essay considers three such means of structuring religion through an analysis of articles on Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. In considering one way the media develops and implements a perspective on religion, an article from the Los Angeles Times is considered. The article ‘Islamists in Egypt seek change through politics’ presents a number of interesting perspectives on the nature of Islam. The article is indicating is interesting in that it considers the nature of radical Islam, yet contrasts it with a reimagined perspective that demonstrates some of the religion’s positive elements. In these regards, it considers former rebel Nageh Ibrahim who at one time had expressed a desire to create a large-scale Islamic state through blood-shed, who is now living in a high rise and, â€Å"has the soothing voice of a man who could lead a 12-step program on rejecting radicalism† (Fleishman 2010). The article indicates that the group Ibrahim headed at one point committed considerable acts of terror and violence in an effort to achieve these ends for the Islamic state. Within these regards, he is known to take contributed to the assassination of President Anwar Sadat, and the massacre at Luxor temple that contributed to the death of sixty-two people. After being imprisoned for twenty-four years, Ibrahim is demonstrated to have changed his radical stance. The article uses the story of Ibrahim’s life as a sort of metaphor on the nature of the changing nature of Islamic politics. In regards to Egypt, this philosophical slant is akin to a shift from Malcolm X like means of enacting change to Martin Luther King Jr’s stance of non-violent exchange. Ibrahim states, â€Å"Over the years†¦it became apparent th at violence harmed us and the image of Islam. The state could always hit us back harder than we could hit them† (Fleishman 2010). While the article indicates that radicalism is still occurring, the general consensus in terms of Egyptian politics is that this more political and less violent approach is the means towards significant change. In terms of a broader framing of Islam, the article presents a complex picture of the religion as embodying a variety of polls of political action – both extremism and modernism. The next article, ‘Rapper Finds Order in Orthodox Judaism in Israel,’ analyzed is from the New York Times and it considers the nature of rapper that has turned to Judaism. This is an intriguing investigation of Judaism as it challenges traditional assumptions of Jewish individuals as being of a certain ethnic class. In addition, the juxtaposition with rap also constitutes a clashing of socioeconomic classes that are generally separate aspects with in American society. The rapper in the article is Shyne, a protege of famed rap producer Puff Daddy. An interesting sidenote, Shyne served nine years in prison for opening fire at a club. Despite being raised as a troubled street hood in Brooklyn, Shyne states, â€Å"My entire life screams that I have a Jewish neshama,† he said, using the Hebrew word for soul† (Kraft 2010). This is an interesting presentation of the Jewish religion. While soul and street legitimacy have oftentimes been conclaves of African American art and culture, Shyne has made an interesting connection between these aspects and those of the Jewish religion. The article indicates that Shyne discovered Judaism during his time in prison, although he had been intrigued by Old Testament stories since an early age. While this article may constitute an outlier of

Edward Lee Thorndike And His Behaviour Experiments

Edward Lee Thorndike And His Behaviour Experiments Prior to Edward Lee Thorndikes landmark experimental analysis of behaviour in 1898, the study of the psychology of learning lacked a clear, defined research methodology. Research findings were very much subjective, lacking the quantitative evidence that would give them scientific credence and avoiding impreciseness and ambiguities in their interpretation. People were asked to look inside their minds and describe what they were thinking. (Ormrod, 2008). This method was called introspection, which by its very nature, is devoid of objectiveness. Thus emerged Thorndikes groundbreaking puzzle box experiments with cats, dogs, and chicks, culminating in his doctoral dissertation on animal intelligence in 1898. Through his experiments, the study of learning took on a more objective approach, where the emphasis was on the observables rather than the non-observables. The basis of his experiments was that behaviour is an observable phenomenon and thus is measurable. It led to the birth of the behaviourist movement where research looked primarily at behaviour rather than cognition, given that mental processes (like insight or introspection) cannot be objectively measured with any level of reliability. 2. Thorndikes Experiments (Task (a) of Assignment) To circumvent the subjective nature of research then, Thorndike developed some experiments on the learning phenomenon whose results were beyond subjective interpretations. The idea behind them was to observe the behaviour of a hungry animal trapped in puzzle boxes in its attempt to escape. He conducted the experiments using three animals, viz. cats, dogs, and chicks. Food, functioning as the temptation factor (stimulus), was placed outside the box in full view of the animal. He started with a cat. For it to escape, the cat had to manipulate a device that would open the door in order to get at the food. There were altogether 15 of these boxes, each with different escape mechanisms, ranging from a wire loop, lever, and a treadle which had to be depressed for it to escape. The variety of mechanisms was (presumably) to observe any consistency in behavioural mode despite the variables presented by the escape devices. In its attempts to escape, Thorndike closely observed the cat initiating numerous, apparently random movements, seemingly driven by impulse rather than reasoning. Through the cats struggles, it would eventually trigger the release mechanism. This was achieved more by chance through trial and error rather than by any reasoned action of the cat. The cat was repeatedly put into the box. Thorndike observed that what was initially random and chaotic behaviour became relatively more orderly and efficient. In other words, he noticed gross changes in behaviour when the same set situation was repeated. In addition, he recorded the time it took for the cat to escape from its confinement. He then plotted a time-curve graph which enabled him to not only analyse the animals speed of learning, but also the rate of learning. Thorndike repeated the same puzzle box experiment with dogs and chicks, with minor practical adjustments to the procedure. Again, time-curves were plotted and compared to those exhibited by the cats. However, in some experiments, Thorndike varied the escape mode. Instead of the animal physically manipulating a release device, he would, for example, remove a chick from a box whenever it preened its feathers; or he would open the door when a cat licked or scratched itself. He observed that the chick started preening itself when it was re-placed into the box, indicating the animals instinctive desire to be let out of the box. Time curves were plotted and compared to the curves obtained by the escape device mode. There were also certain other variations in the way the experiments were conducted. One such variation was placing the same cat that was used in a particular box into another differently designed box. He then observed how the cat reacted to the changed environment. In another variation, Thorndike allowed the animal to observe another member of its species in its attempt to escape. He wanted to find out if animals could learn by imitation. 3. Summary of Main Findings (Task (a) of Assignment) 3.1 Overview The overarching finding of Thorndikes experiments was that there are responses (explicit behavioural changes) when there is a stimulus (food). In that sense, there is a stimulus-response (S-R) connection in how animals learn. How well the animals learnt is determined by the experience it gained from the same experiment conducted repeatedly. In effect, this perspective of learning (connectionism) emphasized the role of experience in the strengthening and weakening of the S-R connections. In general, it could be said that the essence of intellectual development depends on how strong this S-R connection is. The main findings from Thorndikes experiments in animal intelligence would form the basis for his formulation of theories related to learning. They led to further research into the more complex intellectual abilities of humans, eventually leading to the development of modern era comparative psychology. 3.2 Findings from the Experiments The main findings from Thorndikes puzzle box experiments can be summarized below: 3.2.1 Gross changes in behaviour When presented with a stimulus (S), the animal displayed an overt response (R), i.e. food (the stimulus) elicited a reaction in a hungry animal. In other words, Thorndike noted explicitly observable behavioural changes when an S-R setting is presented to the animal. The gross changes described by Thorndike manifested itself by the animals impulsive actions in what he described as trial-and-error learning in order to escape from the box. 3.2.2 Learning is gradual Time curves were plotted in all of Thorndikes experiments involving cats, dogs and chicks. The curves were a measurement of the time required for the animal to escape over repeated number of trials ranging from 24 to 117. The graphs allowed Thorndike to not only obtain the escape times, but also the rate of learning, which was represented by the slope of the curves. The time curves presented by all the animals showed remarkably similar patterns of behaviour. Analyses of the curves proved that learning took place gradually, i.e. in incremental steps rather than huge jumps. This was seen in the gradual reduction of escape times over the total number of trials. In one of the experiments, for instance, escape times for a cat varied from a high of 160 seconds to a low of 6 seconds over 24 trials, indicating that it had been steadily more efficient in its attempts to escape. Thorndike alluded to this when he described its initially random, chaotic demeanour gradually becoming more orderly and deliberate. It also proved that in some innate way, the animal had learnt from past experience. 3.2.3 Effective behaviour diminishes ineffective behaviour By analysing the time curves, Thorndike concluded that effective behaviour, i.e. actions that could lead to a satisfactory end, persisted. Conversely, ineffective behaviour diminished. In effect, there was a stamping in of some behaviours and a stamping out of others (Ormrod, 2008). This phenomenon was demonstrated in the way the animals became more efficiently adept in their escape attempts as proven by the quicker escape times. For example, in the experiment with a chick, the initial escape attempt was arbitrary and disorderly. But after many repetitions, the chick learnt to escape quickly with little of the initial chaos. As Chance (1999) puts it: Eventually the bird performed the act required for escape as soon as it was placed in the enclosure. In short, ineffective behaviour petered out. It could also be said that generally, other than through experiential learning, positive learning generates further positive learning. 3.2.4 Generalization of behaviour Thorndike also found that an animal that had learnt to escape via a particular means, e.g. by clawing, tended to employ the same means when placed in a different box with a different escape device. It could be inferred that animals generalize when first put in circumstances different than what they are familiar with, with their immediate prior experience influencing how they subsequently behave. It is only after they have adapted to the new environment that they adopt a new learning approach. 3.2.5 Discriminatory behaviour Another aspect of learning that Thorndike noted from his experiments was that an animal is capable of being discriminatory. This was evident, in one of his experiments, when (i) he made a statement to feed it and indeed fed it, and (ii) he made a statement to feed it, but he did NOT feed it. There far fewer errors in situation (i) than there were in (ii). This illustrated yet another perspective about the learning process that Thorndike delved into. 3.2.6 Learning by observation Thorndike asserted that animals, at least other than primates, do not learn by imitation, even after observing the successful behaviour of other members of their species. He effectively concluded that imitation could be discounted as an aspect of an animals successful behaviour. 4. Theories propounded by Thorndike (Task (b) of the Assignment) Thorndikes experiments on animal intelligence resulted in the formation of a body of theories related to the learning process and laid the scientific foundation for educational psychology. These learning theories were bound together by the theory of connectionism. The principal credo of Thorndikes connectionism is that learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli (S) and responses (R) (http://tip.psychology.org/thorn.html). Connectionism debunked the dominant view held by psychologists before Thorndike that animals learnt by the association of ideas, i.e. they could logically relate events and reason out solutions to a problem. Rather, through his experiments, Thorndike established that animals are equipped with action impulses. It was these impulses, responding to the stimulus (S), that activated the trial-and-error behaviour of the animals trapped in the puzzle boxes. Their eventual successful escape was the result of the gradual learning they experienced arising from actually performing the act. It derived from an innate understanding that the correct actions (affirmative response) produce the desired effect (getting to the food). In short, Thorndike believed that learning requires no ideas in the head of the animal; only the performance of the act itself was essential for a satisfactory consequence. The learning theories propounded by Thorndike, being subsets of connectionism, can be summarised as follows: 4.1 The Law of Effect Responses to a situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened; responses that are followed by discomfort are weakened (Ormrod, 2008). This theory basically emphasizes the role of responsive actions and their consequences. In the act of responding, the impulse that produced the successful act would be stamped in (strengthened), whilst all other non-successful impulses would be stamped out (weakened). Eventually the stamping in would become habitual responses to that same situation. In the puzzle box experiments, the S-R connection was established because the response resulted in a satisfying consequence (escape from box). This response was strengthened, as seen when the animal reduced its vain actions (e.g. clawing and scurrying aimlessly) in the repeated experiments, as shown by the much faster escape times. Applied to human learning, this law implies that positive stimuli breed correspondingly positive responses. In practical terms, in schools or any learning institution, students should be provided with an environment that is conducive to learning. Libraries, for example, in general provide this conduciveness. As Ormrod (2008) puts it: Students should experience academic tasks in contexts that elicit pleasant emotions rather than in contexts that elicit anxiety, disappointment, or anger. This statement is consistent with the premise of Thorndikes Law of Effect that satisfactory consequences strengthen the response. 4.2 The Law of Readiness A series of responses can be chained together to satisfy some goal which will result in annoyance if blocked. (http://tip.psychology.org/thorn.html) This theory arose in an experiment where a chick had to execute a sequence of actions to trigger a series of release devices for it to escape confinement. This sequence of acts is today known as a response chain. Extending the aspect of satisfying some goal to humans, it could be surmised that optimal learning takes place only when someone is ready to act; in so doing, the consequences are satisfying. On the other hand, forcing someone to act when he is not ready will be annoying. Forcing can be interpreted as interfering in someones goal-directed behaviour. Interference that leads to unwilling behaviour causes frustration. An analogy could be made of a child who is force-fed to eat vegetables. He may grow up to hate eating vegetables if it is forced upon him. However, if he himself is ready to eat them, the act will more likely lead to satisfaction. In the long run, vegetables are a must in his meals; not having them may lead to annoyance. On a broader perspective, the level of readiness could be linked to a major factor in the efficacy of learning, viz. motivation. At its basic level, motivation is some kind of internal drive which pushes someone to do things in order to achieve something. (Harmer, 2007). When a person is sufficiently motivated to learn, the aforesaid internal drive should ready him/her to learn. In the context of the classroom, a conducive learning environment (S) can also motivate (R) students (the S-R connection in the Law of Effect). Hence it can be said that the stimulus (S) breeds a response (R) (of readiness to learn); in turn the response (R) breeds another positive response (motivation). Here, there is a chain of positive responses in the learning process. 4.3 The Law of Exercise Stimulus-response associations are strengthened through repetition. (Wikipedia, 2009) There are two sub-laws arising from the theory:- a. The Law of Use: The S-R connections are strengthened as they are used. b. The Law of Disuse: The S-R connections are weakened as they are not used. In effect, this theory stresses the importance of repetition in the learning process. This was how the animals strengthened the S-R response progressively in Thorndikes experiments, resulting in the faster escape times evident in the time-curves. The exercise in the law refers to practice, as in the commonly-held adage Practice makes perfect. This is especially true, not only cognitively, but also in skills where psychomotor and kinaesthetic abilities are critical to the learning. For instance, the more successful golfers are more likely to be the ones who hone their skills through longer periods of repetitive drills, all other factors being equal. Motor mechanics achieve a higher level of competency through constant and repetitive work. The importance of repetitive practice in learning cannot be overemphasized. A student can achieve a greater mathematical proficiency through tireless repetitive practice. In language learning, repetition has always played a part to provoke the structuring and re-structuring of noticed language (Harmer, 2007). Hence teachers in language classrooms put their students through choral drilling for them to internalise not only grammatical structures, but also the sentence intonation. The three laws of learning above are interestingly linked to each other. Connections are strengthened because S-R pairings occur many times (Law of exercise) and then rewarded (Law of effect) as well as forming a single sequence of actions (Law of readiness). Re-stating the link in another way, it can be said that in learning, motivation (readiness) is driven by incentives (effect). Both motivation and incentives can drive the learner towards practice (exercise) until ultimate success is achieved. 5. Thorndikes perspective of animal learning (Task (c) of the Assignment) The MacMillan English Dictionary (2002) defines reasoning as: the process of thinking about something in an intelligent and sensible way in order to make a decision. The Concise Oxford English (2002) dictionary defines thinking as: using thought or rational judgement; intelligent. But are both these definitions applicable universally, i.e. applicable to humans and animals? In a general sense, it may appear so. After all a process of thinking, in whatever way, has to take place before an animal acts. But does an animal think by using rational judgement? On the premise that animals do not rationalise, it follows then that animals do not think, at least not in the way that we humans do. Barrow and Woods (2006) declared that rationality is inextricably tied up with the notion of thinking. So it begs the question: How do animals think? Given that thinking is needed for learning, how do animals learn? Thorndike, in his doctoral dissertation, asserted that animal learning has nothing to do with reasoning or the association of ideas. Rather, he declared that it (learning) occurs as a result of trial and accidental success. He concluded this based on his puzzle box experiments where success (of escape) was due to the animals trial-and-error actions rather than a reasoned, logical, i.e. thinking, approach to the problem. According to Thorndike, the outwardly random, chaotic behaviour of the animal was due to the activation of its innate action impulses responding to the stimulus. There was no evident association of ideas in the solution. In laymans terms, animals do not put two and two together (as humans do) in a rational, logical way when they act, i.e. there is no reasoning. If animals could reason, then learning should be abrupt, NOT gradual as proven in Thorndikes time curves. What Thorndike offered, on the other hand, was that instead of the association of ideas, animals learnt through the association of sensations. This perspective was diametrically opposed to the views subscribed by comparative psychologists before him. They had contended that animals had cognitive insight, they being able to establish ideas and employ reasoning in their actions. Thorndikes experiments effectively debunked that long held contention. He said that there was no solid evidence that animals grasped ideas or learned through reasoning (Chance, 1999). In summary, Thorndike put forth four arguments in support of his beliefs. These arguments were empirically backed by the main findings of his puzzle box experiments. Chance (1999) expressed them thus: (1) The behaviour of animals is impulsive and apparently random, not systematic and logical. As enunciated above (and in other sections), when presented with a stimulus, the response of a trapped animal is chaotic; it follows that there is no contemplation or thoughtfulness, therefore no insight. Impulse rather than thought drives its actions. (2) The change in an animals behaviour is gradual, not abrupt. This assertion was validated by the time curves. The curves established that animals learn in incremental steps, not in sudden surges. This implies that there is an absence of reasoning (Chance, 1999). (3) The animals show no sign of understanding between action and consequence even after they have learnt to escape from the box. This arose from an experiment when a cat, which had escaped by pulling a loop, would repeat the same action, even when the loop was absent in the repeated trials. It shows that the cats response had been strengthened due to earlier successes (The Law of effect). It again confirms Thorndikes view that animal learning does not involve reasoning. (4) Animals learnt only if they performed the necessary act themselves. As described in 3.2.6 Learning by observation, animals do not learn by observing and imitating models. Neither would they learn if they are prompted to perform the act, as Thorndike discovered when he repeatedly assisted the cat to pull the release device. When left on its own, the cat could not associate the loop as a means of escape. This indicates that, unless the animal acted on its own volition, learning would not take place (the Law of readiness). It stands that animals cannot reason their way through a problem. 6. Conclusion It has been over 100 years now since Thorndikes pioneering work in the study and psychology of learning, resulting in a learning perspective referred to as connectionism, emphasizing on behaviour as opposed to cognition. It laid the foundation for latter day psychologists to conduct a more objective, scientific research into the process of human and animal learning. Thorndikes puzzle box experiments primarily focussed on the S-R relationship that provided the catalytic impetus to learning. It led to the development of Thorndikes theories, which expounds how learning takes place. Through his experiments, Thorndike also disproved the views held by other psychologists that animals possess insight in their learning process. All in all, Thorndikes research provided a fresh perspective of the learning process which led to further research by others. In a way, this scenario is an instance of the S-R environment. (End)

The HIPAA Privacy Rule and Marketing Communications Essay -- Medical M

Protecting patient information is an important task for any health care provider. The Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), also known as the Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, was approved by the United States Congress in 1996. It was the first act to provide national regulations for the use of patient health information. This privacy rule outlines the boundaries for the use of personal health information, including specific guidelines to ensure HIPAA-compliance. In order to market under HIPAA, there are certain privacy rules in place to protect patients. According to HIPAA, marketing is defined as â€Å"a communication about a product or service that encourages recipients to purchase or use the product or service†2. This definition can include any type of marketing communication. Marketing also includes when a covered entity is paid by a third party for patient health information that they can use for their own purpos es. It also covers cases of an associate communicating and encouraging patients to buy or use their product or service. Covered entities, which include health providers, health plans, and health care clearinghouses, must receive authorization to use patient’s health information for marketing but there are a few exceptions to this rule. Marketing activities that are permitted without prior authorization include face-to-face encounters as well as giving promotional gifts of little value, such as pens or mugs. A good example of this would be a covered entity giving new mothers a free sample of baby products as they leave the hospital. Covered entities may discuss the health benefits of a product or service to a patient, along with describing health plan options, ... ...portant that the health care provider understands when authorization from the patient must be obtained and when it is not needed. Knowledge of the HIPAA Privacy Rule is essential for any health care provider as well as their staff in order to ensure that any marketing communications are HIPAA compliant. Works Cited 1) Association for Healthcare Philanthropy. Question 5 – Newsletters, Patient Education. Retrieved from http://www.ahp.org/advocacy/us/HIPAA/Analysis/Pages/Question5Long.aspx 2) Direct Marketing Association (2002, August). The Privacy Provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Retrieved from http://www.dmaresponsibility.org/HIPPA/#III1 3) Johnson, P. (2011, September 6). HIPAA: How does it relate to marketing? Retrieved from http://www.oandp.com/blogs/marketing-matters/post/HIPAA-How-Does-It-Relate-to-Marketing.aspx

Re-Examining the ‘Step-and-Slide’: Sex Differences in Pedestrian Collision Avoidance

Abstract Previous literature has reported sex differences in collision avoidance behaviour by pedestrians. The current study sough to establish whether these sex differences are still valid now by observing an opportunity sample of male and female pedestrians in a busy location. A chi-square test found a significant (p 01) relationship between sex and collision avoidance behaviour. In particular, women were significantly more likely to engage in closed passes and men were significantly more likely to engage in open passes. This finding is in keeping with the pattern previously reported by Collett and Marsh (1981). Future research is needed to understand why these sex differences may exist. Introduction Despite often busy and overcrowded public areas, pedestrians can be observed navigating and avoiding collisions with remarkable ease. Previous literature appears to be relatively unanimous in its observations and conclusions about how pedestrians are able to avoid collisions. In an early study, Goffman (1972) made a number of observations including that people tend to form two lanes whilst walking upon the pavement, with one group walking on the inside, away from the road and the other group walking on the outside and close to the road. Many years later, Collett and Marsh (1981) observed the same phenomenon and coined the term ‘pedestrian streaming.’ It was also discovered that individuals will use others’ movements and monitor their intentions, known as â€Å"externalisation,† to ensure a smoother passage. These movements may be unconscious or conscious and may as be discrete as a slight turn of the shoulders. Again, this phenomenon was also observed by Wo lff (1973), who named it â€Å"behaviour monitoring.† Wolff (1973) observed that many pedestrians engage in what he coined the ‘step-and-slide’ pass, which involved a slight angling of the shoulders alongside a discrete side step. After videotaping the passing behaviour of individuals using a pedestrian crossing, Collett and Marsh (1981) noted significant sex differences in the strategies used whilst engaging in this type of pass. Males were far more likely to use an open pass strategy by orienting toward the person they were trying to avoid whereas females were more likely to use a closed pass strategy by orienting themselves away from the person they were attempting to avoid. Interestingly, the types of pass used could not adequately be explained by the natural position of the leg during passing and even when it was more difficult, women were still more likely to use a closed pass. The researchers concluded that the use of a closed pass strategy by women was an example of self-protective behaviour. In particular, the auth ors concluded that women were attempting to protect their breasts after observing that they often drew their arms across their bodies during the pass. The result of Collett and Marsh’s (1981) study may now be outdated. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate whether sex differences in collision avoidance behaviour still exist today and whether the pattern still reflects that seen by Collett and Marsh (1981). Based on previous literature it is hypothesised that females will make more closed passes than males and that males will use more open passes than females. MethodParticipants2,910 participants (1,376 females, 1,534 males) were observed using an opportunity sample. As this was a observation study it was not feasible to collect demographic data such as age.MaterialsObservations were recorded on a data collection grid. The data collection grid was used to record the sex of the pedestrian and whether a open pass, closed pass or neutral pass was observed. Design This was a between-subjects design with male participants being compared with female participants. The predictor variable was the sex of the pedestrian and the criterion variable was the type of passing behaviour exhibited.ProcedureBefore collecting data for the study a pilot study was carried out to ensure that the observers could correctly identify whether a pedestrian was exhibiting an open pass, closed pass or neutral behaviour. Data was collected on an opportunity sample of ten pedestrians for the pilot study. For the main study, data was collected by observing pedestrians at various train stations during peak times. Two researchers collected the data with one acting as observer and the other acting as recorder. Observations were based on an opportunity sample and a mix of male-male, female-female and female-male interactions were recorded.ResultsA total of 1,376 females and 1,534 males were observed. Of the 1,376 females, 561 engaged in an open pass, whereas 815 engaged in a closed pass. Of the 1,534 males observed, 1,070 engaged in an open pass, whereas 464 engaged in a closed pass. A chi-square test was performed and a significant relationship was found between sex and type of collision avoidance behaviour X2 (1, N = 2910) = 247.32, p < 0.01. [Insert graph here] Discussion The aim of the current study was to investigate whether current sex differences in pedestrian collision avoidance behaviour support previous literature that has found females are more likely to use closed passes, whereas males are more likely to use open passes when avoiding each other in busy pedestrian areas. It was found that more women engaged in closed passes than men and that more men engaged in open passes than women. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between sex and type of collision avoidance behaviour. This means that women are significantly more likely to engage in closed passes, whereas men are significantly more likely to engage in open passes. This finding is in support of previous literature (Collett and Marsh, 1981) and the data supports the researchers’ hypothesis. Collett and Marsh (1981) argued that females engage in closed passes in an attempt to protect their breasts because they observed that women often drew their arms across their chests during the pass. However, more recent research has demonstrated that even in non-confrontational, everyday situations, females tend to sit in closed positions whilst keeping their arms close to their bodies (Cashdan, 1998; Vrugt and Luyerink, 2000). This suggests that Collett and Marsh’s (1981) initial interpretation may be flawed. Women may naturally adopt closed body language, which they are also likely to use during pedestrian collision avoidance scenarios. The finding that men are more likely to use open passes is in keeping with previous literature on male body language and non-verbal communication. For example, Mehrabian (1968) found that men tend to show more alertness than women by directing their shoulder orientation toward the other person. This could explain why men adopt an open positi on and direct their shoulders toward the other individual whilst passing them. Luxen (2005) found that men tend to exhibit behavioural dominance in situations involving women. Turning their body toward a woman, whilst she turns away, may reflect this dominance. Therefore, the current findings can be interpreted in the context of sex differences in both body language and non-verbal communication. It is difficult to draw any strong conclusions from an observational study and only inferences can be made. However, based on the results and what is known about body language, it appears as though the sex differences in the way that individuals avoid pedestrian collisions still exist today as they did in the 1980s. The results also seem to support Collett and Marsh’s (1981) conclusion that women are more likely to adopt a protective stance when making passes in a collision avoidance situation. The current study had a notable number of strengths. Primarily, this study utilised a large sample, which is highly likely to be representative of the population as a whole. Generalisability was also strengthened by using different train station locations for observations. Furthermore, having taken place in a natural environment rather than a lab setting, the results have good ecological validity. However, the observation method has a number of limitations, which should be noted. Firstly, although a pilot study was carried out in order to familiarise the observer with different types of passes, the data would have been more reliable if two observers had been used at any one time. An alternative method of improving the study would have to been to video record the observation area so that a second observer could interpret an identical scenario of pedestrian collision avoidance. This would have provided a measure of inter-observer reliability, which would have strengthened the results o f the study. It is also possible that the observer was biased because they were aware of the study hypothesis. In other words, the observer may have interpreted females to have carried out more closed passes because this is what was expected based on the previous literature. In future studies, keeping the observer blind to the hypothesis of the study will reduce this risk. There are also some ethical concerns with large scale observation studies such as this. For example, some individuals may object to being watched and to their behaviour being recorded. However, with such a large scale study, it would have been impossible to have sought the informed consent of each participant. Data was also completely anonymised, which keeps the study within ethical boundaries. Although the study has good generalisability, this is somewhat weakened by collecting results from only the UK. Future research may wish to focus on whether the same patterns are found internationally. Based on the findings of the current study, future studies may also wish to focus on exploring in more detail why these sex differences exist. For example, a sample of individuals exhibiting these behaviours could be administered a questionnaire to explore whether the behaviour is unconscious or conscious and if it is conscious, why they engage in either open or closed passes. References Cashdan, E. (1998). Smiles, speech, and body posture: How women and men display sociometric status and power. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 22(4), 209-228. Collett, P.R. & Marsh, P.E. (1981). Patterns of public behaviour: Collision avoidance on a pedestri an crossing. In A. Kendon (Ed.), Nonverbal communication, interaction and gesture (pp. 199-217). The Hague: Mouton Press. Goffman, E. (1972). Relations in public. Harmondsworth: Pelican. Luxen, M. (2005). Gender differences in dominance and affiliation during a demanding interaction. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 139(4), 331- 347. Mehrabian, A. (1968). Relationship of attitude to seated posture, orientation, and distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(1), 26-30. Vrugt, A., & Luyerink, M. (2000). The contribution of bodily posture to gender stereotypical im pressions. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 28(1), 91. Wolff, M. (1973) Notes on the behaviour of pedestrians. In A. Birenbaum and E. Sagar (Eds.), Peo ple in places: The sociology of the familiar (pp. 35-48). New York: Praeger.

Politics in Texas Essay

The Texan republicans stand for the ideas of individualism. That entrepreneurship is the key to unlocking the powers of the economy, according to the Republican Party. The Democratic Party respects the notion of small business and entrepreneurship as it also strives to encourage jobs for hard-working laborers. In conjunction with this, the Democrats want businesses to be more flexible and technologically friendly, along with finding creative, environmentally-sound ways of promoting business. The Green Party also claims to support the power of the small business, but they have a more environmental approach that specifies several details in which companies should abide. In accordance with this, the Green Party wishes to limit free-trade in exchange with environmentally and labor friendly trade. They also specify a set wage that would allow an individual to afford a one-bedroom apartment on thirty-percent of their income. In opposition to a heavily regulated economy, the libertarians seem like the Republican Party, but to a more extreme. They are against most taxation, including income taxes since they define a wage or salary as a trade of money and service, not an equity. I believe this to be a proper point. How can people promote the economy when a chunk of their wages is taken by the government? The Libertarians are also opposed to the use of eminent domain which I agree with. It should not be up to the government to choose how someone’s property may or may not be used.